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The relationship between surface temperature and exhaust hydrocarbon concentration was explored by installing surface thermocouples at three locations in the combustion chamber of a single-cylinder engine. Coolant temperature, coolant passage surface scale, and ethylene glycol in the coolant affected exhaust hydrocarbon concentration through changes in surface temperature. As power output increased, combustion chamber surface temperature rose, and exhaust hydrocarbon concentration fell. The increase in surface temperature accounted for about 43% of the decrease in hydrocarbon concentration. The reason for the other 57% of the decrease is unknown, but it may have been caused by increasing gas temperatures in the quench zone. Increasing surface temperature by engine modification would be expected to have adverse effects on engine octane requirement, volumetric efficiency, and oil oxidation.

Utilizing unembalmed cadaver test subjects, a series of tests was carried out to characterize quantitatively the resistance of the skin, the soft underlying tissue of the scalp, and certain other typical areas of the body to impact loading. The impacts were delivered by the use of an instrumented free-fall device similar to that previously employed for facial bone fracture experiments. In one group of tests, metal and glass edges were affixed to the impacting device to produce localized trauma under conditions which were standardized with respect to variables affecting the degree of the injury. In the second group of experiments, specimens of skin, together with underlying tissue of uniform thickness, were subjected to compressive impact between the parallel surfaces of the impacting weight and a heavy metal platen. From these latter experiments the force-time histories, coefficient of restitution, and hysteresis loops of load versus deflection were obtained for the specimens.

Forces necessary for fracture under localized loading have been obtained experimentally for a number of regions of the head. Three of these, the frontal, temporoparietal, and zygomatic, have been studied in sufficient detail to establish that the tolerances are relatively independent of impulse duration, in contrast with the tolerance of the brain to closed-skull injury. Significantly lower average strength has been found for the female bone structure. Other regions reported upon more briefly are mandible, maxilla, and the laryngotracheal cartilages of the neck. Pressure distribution has been measured over the impact area, which has been 1 sq in. in these tests, and the relationship between applied force as measured and as predicted from a head accelerometer is examined.

The use of multigrade (V.I. improved) oils in automotive engines has increased significantly in recent years. However, the performance of these oils in terms of factors such as oil economy, wear, and noise, is not always equal to that of single grade oils. Although the initial viscosity of multigrade oils is related to both the base oil and the V.I. improver, the viscosity decreases with use, with the primary factors determining the magnitude of the change being the degree of shear and the characteristics and concentration of the V.I. improver used. This decrease in viscosity has been assumed to be the cause of the decreases in oil economy that may occur with oil use. However, viscosity changes are not believed to be the primary factor responsible since similar oil economy changes have also been observed for single grade oils. Nevertheless, the characteristics and concentration of the V.I. improver used can be a significant factor influencing oil economy.

In certain types of city bus service some automatic transmission fluids can fail in less than 10,000 miles. In order to provide satisfactory transmission performance for longer mileage, improved fluids are required. An investigation was undertaken to obtain improved fluids. Fifteen different fluid formulations were evaluated in 30 city buses operated in normal service for more than 2,000,000 miles. It was determined that fluids fail because of frictional deterioration and oxidation. Based on these evaluations, only two fluids were found to be satisfactory for more than 40,000 miles; one additional fluid was satisfactory for more than 30,000 miles. The remaining 12 fluids failed in less than 20,000 miles.

An analytical study of right angle barrier crashes has been conducted to evaluate the influence of vehicle crush distance, occupant spacing, and interior crush stiffness on the severity of occupant-interior impact. Particular attention was directed to the influence of the vehicle deceleration-time history wave shape. The study includes an analysis of a simple-point occupant and a more complicated articulated dummy. The results of these analyses are in substantial agreement and indicate that the most important factors in reducing unrestrained occupant impact severity in conventional vehicles are occupant spacing, vehicle crush distance, and interior crush stiffness. Because of practical considerations and the multiplicity of crash conditions, it is concluded that the most direct way to reduce injury and death is through improved vehicle interior crush behavior.

Conventional radial lip oil seals can be made more effective by utilizing helical grooving beneath the contact lip surface. Miniature hydrodynamic pumps so formed aid the radial lip seal in containing the oil by generating fluid forces opposite in direction to the leakage flow forces. This seal-shaft combination has been termed the Hydroseal. Four factorial experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of helix angle, groove depth, groove width, and number of grooves on sealing performance. The criterion used as a basis for selecting the optimum design were leakage, wear, hardening of the sealing surface, and pumping capacity. These data indicated that the best hydroseal design was one with three grooves, 0.0003 in. deep, 0.014 in. wide, having a helix angle of 45 deg.

This paper describes the usage of an exponential weighting factor for appraising deceleration or force impulses registered on dummies or impacting hammers in safety testing. The proposed impulse-integration procedure, it is shown, takes into account in a more rational way, and in better conformity with published injury tolerance data, the relative importance of time and intensity of the pulse than do the “peak g” or impulse-area criteria. Use of the new Severity Index for assessment of head impact pulses is illustrated. It is shown to be of special value in comparing the relative severity of pulses which differ markedly in shape (because of structural differences in the component being struck) and it is pointed out that without a weighting factor of this nature, laboratory impact tests can yield incorrect ranking of the relative safety merit of alternative designs. Automated methods for quick calculation of the Severity Index are possible.

Engine oil test Sequences IIA and IIIA have been developed to replace Sequences I, II, and III. These new sequences are designed to evaluate lubricants for use in current passenger car engines under severe (MS) service conditions. Lubricant performance is evaluated with respect to scuffing wear, rust, corrosion, deposits, and rumble. The Sequence IIA and IIIA test procedure involves major changes which affect the evaluation of engine rusting and provides improved correlation between test results and short-trip service. Average engine rust ratings correlate with service data within ±0.5 numbers. The new test also provides better repeatability and reproducibility in a significantly shorter schedule. The rust repeatability and reproducibility is less than ±0.2 and ±0.6 numbers, respectively. Test time has been reduced 52%.

Paper deals with abnormal combustion initially existing in the Hyprex gasifier. It was found that this was mainly due to a long ignition delay period. To correct this situation, the fuel injection system was redesigned to permit later injection at higher compression pressures with good injection characteristics.

This paper illustrates by way of two practical examples, namely, transmission gears and crankshafts, how the automotive industry applies basic approaches and methods for achieving fatigue resistant design. Analytic, laboratory, and field studies necessary in the development of these components are briefly outlined.

A brief review of the testing of automatic transmission fluid for compatibility with seals is presented. The total immersion test used in fluid qualification, while apparently effective in predicting the compatibility of fluids and seals in service, does not correlate well with transmission tests with respect to hardness change of piston seals. The Dip-Cycle Test, developed to overcome this limitation, is a procedure for alternately immersing seal specimens in the test fluid and suspending them in the hot air-fluid vapor atmosphere above the fluid. Correlation of the Dip-Cycle Test with transmission piston seal results is much improved over that with the total immersion test. It is the purpose of this paper to review these developments and to present an improved test procedure (dip cycle test) for evaluating the effect of fluids on transmission piston seal materials.

ANALYSES of crankcase vent gases by several methods have shown that crankcase and exhaust hydrocarbon emissions from automobiles are of the same order of magnitude. Internal ventilation of the crankcase to the engine intake system eliminates crankcase emission, thus providing a practical control of this important source of air pollution.*